Translation of "Sujet à des droits de " (French → English) :

21. Stresses that the role of the Commission as the guardian of the Treaties is not limited to ensuring that legislation is transposed by the Member States, but also extends to the full and correct application of laws, in particular with a view to protecting citizens’ fundamental rights; regrets the effective limitation of the scope of application of the Charter due to an excessively restrictive interpretation of its Article 51, read as preventing it from covering the enforcement of EU law; is of the opinion that this approach should be revised to meet EU citizens’ expectations in relation to their fundamental rights; recalls that the ...[+++] expectations of citizens go beyond the strict interpretation of the Charter and that the objective should be to render those rights as effective as possible; regrets, therefore, that the Commission pleads lack of competence in numerous replies to petitions complaining of a possible breach of fundamental rights; in this framework, calls for the establishment of a mechanism for the monitoring, systematic evaluation and issuing of recommendations, to foster overall compliance with fundamental values in the Member States;

on improving private international law: jurisdiction rules applicable to employment

The agreement covers a vast range of topics, from copyright and trademarks to layout designs of integrated circuits and trade secrets.

Therefore, I was determined from the outset to give the report a very tight structure so that people interested in different human rights issues and themes in different countries, could navigate it quickly and efficiently, as opposed to having a lengthy report with no headings, requiring people to read a third, half or indeed the whole report to find the area in which they were interested.

This is also how Community law is supposed to have arisen and, according to the traditional approach to international law, how its validity is supposed to take precedence over national law, either by virtue of transposition by a national implementing law (in the system known as 'dualism') or, ipso iure, as higher-ranking international law (what is known as 'monism').This report starts from the assumption of qualified monism. According to the prevailing doctrine of the primacy of the international legal order, one of the norms obtained by custom and conviction constitutes the basis for the validity of the legal orders of individual States ...[+++]. The latter are subordinate to international law by virtue of the context in which they come into being. Another one of the principles obtained from the basic norm 'custom and conviction create international law' is that international treaties (in other words, non-customary sources of law) must be complied with ('pacta sunt servanda'). Under another principle of international law, the law of States, which are conceived as the primary subjects of international law, is left essentially untouched by international law and that each of those States is itself competent to regulate the validity and scope of international law within its domestic sphere of influence and that States are entitled to develop their domestic sphere of influence inwards.

However, even the starting-point, according to which custom and conviction make international law, is structured in such a way that the role of newly emerging or growing organizations (such as the EU) is systematically hindered; it is primarily the custom of the States (which, for no convincing reason, are designated the sole primary subjects of international law) which can create international law.